The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can directly interact with the cells in the mouth, throat, and voice box, increasing the risk of cancer development
Additionally, vape pens require less maintenance compared to more advanced vaping devices, with components like coils and cartridges being easily replaceable
PM also accumulates on rough surfaces such as hairy leaves or bark, further contributing to physiological stress (Hatami-Manesh et al., 2021)
Patterns of use, long term outcomes, youth uptake and the potential implications for health effects, particularly oral cancer prevention remain critical considerations requiring careful evaluation (54)
This study also established the causal role of the AKT-GSK3 signaling pathway in mediating cotinines effects by demonstrating that cotinine failed to enhance cognition in GSK3 knockin mice that exhibited impaired phosphorylation of GSK3 (Pardo et al., 2017)